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Baryte, barite or barytes ( BARR-eyet, BAIR-[7] or bə-RYTE-eez[8]) is a mineral consisting of barium sulfate (BaSO4).[3] Baryte is generally white or colorless, and is the main source of the element barium. The baryte group consists of baryte, celestine (strontium sulfate), anglesite (lead sulfate), and anhydrite (calcium sulfate). Baryte and celestine form a solid solution (Ba,Sr)SO4.[2]
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The unit cell of baryteThe radiating form, sometimes referred to as Bologna Stone,[9] attained some notoriety among alchemists for specimens found in the 17th century near Bologna by Vincenzo Casciarolo. These became phosphorescent upon being calcined.[10][11]
Carl Scheele determined that baryte contained a new element in , but could not isolate barium, only barium oxide. Johan Gottlieb Gahn also isolated barium oxide two years later in similar studies. Barium was first isolated by electrolysis of molten barium salts in by Sir Humphry Davy in England.[12]
The American Petroleum Institute specification API 13/ISO , which governs baryte for drilling purposes, does not refer to any specific mineral, but rather a material that meets that specification.[13] In practice, however, this is usually the mineral baryte.[14]
The term "primary barytes" refers to the first marketable product, which includes crude baryte (run of mine) and the products of simple beneficiation methods, such as washing, jigging, heavy media separation, tabling, and flotation. Most crude baryte requires some upgrading to minimum purity or density. Baryte that is used as an aggregate in a "heavy" cement is crushed and screened to a uniform size. Most baryte is ground to a small, uniform size before it is used as a filler or extender, an addition to industrial products, in the production of barium chemicals or as a weighting agent in petroleum well drilling mud.[15]
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The name baryte is derived from the Ancient Greek: βαρύς, romanized: barús, 'heavy'. The American spelling is barite.[3][16] The International Mineralogical Association initially adopted "barite" as the official spelling, but recommended adopting the older "baryte" spelling later. This move was controversial and was notably ignored by American mineralogists.[17]
Other names have been used for baryte, including barytine,[18] barytite,[18] barytes,[19] heavy spar,[3] tiff,[4] and blanc fixe.[20]
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Baryte with galena and hematite from Poland Baryte (top) and dolomite from Cumbria, England Abandoned baryte mine shaft near Aberfeldy, Perthshire, ScotlandBaryte occurs in many depositional environments, and is deposited through many processes including biogenic, hydrothermal, and evaporation, among others.[2] Baryte commonly occurs in lead-zinc veins in limestones, in hot spring deposits, and with hematite ore. It is often associated with the minerals anglesite and celestine. It has also been identified in meteorites.[21]
Baryte has been found at locations in Australia, Brazil, Nigeria, Canada, Chile, China, India, Pakistan, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Iran, Ireland (where it was mined on Benbulben[22]), Liberia, Mexico, Morocco, Peru, Romania (Baia Sprie), Turkey, South Africa (Barberton Mountain Land),[23] Thailand, United Kingdom (Cornwall, Cumbria, Dartmoor/Devon, Derbyshire, Durham, Shropshire,[24] Perthshire, Argyllshire, and Surrey[3]) and in the US from Cheshire, Connecticut, De Kalb, New York, and Fort Wallace, New Mexico. It is mined in Arkansas, Connecticut, Virginia, North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Kentucky, Nevada, and Missouri.[3]
The global production of baryte in was estimated to be around 9.5 million metric tons, down from 9.8 million metric tons in .[25] The major barytes producers (in thousand tonnes, data for ) are as follows: China (3,600), India (1,600), Morocco (1,000), Mexico (400), United States (330), Iran (280), Turkey (250), Russia (210), Kazakhstan (160), Thailand (130) and Laos (120).[26]
The main users of barytes in were (in million tonnes) US (2.35), China (1.60), Middle East (1.55), the European Union and Norway (0.60), Russia and CIS (0.5), South America (0.35), Africa (0.25), and Canada (0.20). 70% of barytes was destined for oil and gas well drilling muds. 15% for barium chemicals, 14% for filler applications in automotive, construction, and paint industries, and 1% other applications.[26]
Natural baryte formed under hydrothermal conditions may be associated with quartz or silica.[27] In hydrothermal vents, the baryte-silica mineralisation can also be accompanied by precious metals.[28]
Information about the mineral resource base of baryte ores is presented in some scientific articles.[29]
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Worldwide, 69&#;77% of baryte is used as a weighting agent for drilling fluids in oil and gas exploration to suppress high formation pressures and prevent blowouts. As a well is drilled, the bit passes through various formations, each with different characteristics. The deeper the hole, the more baryte is needed as a percentage of the total mud mix. An additional benefit of baryte is that it is non-magnetic and thus does not interfere with magnetic measurements taken in the borehole, either during logging-while-drilling or in separate drill hole logging. Baryte used for drilling petroleum wells can be black, blue, brown or gray depending on the ore body. The baryte is finely ground so that at least 97% of the material, by weight, can pass through a 200-mesh (75 μm) screen, and no more than 30%, by weight, can be less than 6 μm diameter. The ground baryte also must be dense enough so that its specific gravity is 4.2 or greater, soft enough to not damage the bearings of a tricone drill bit, chemically inert, and containing no more than 250 milligrams per kilogram of soluble alkaline salts.[16] In August , the American Petroleum Institute published specifications to modify the 4.2 drilling grade standards for baryte to include 4.1 SG materials.
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Baryte (salmon-colored) with cerussite from MoroccoIn the deep ocean, away from continental sources of sediment, pelagic baryte precipitates and forms a significant amount of the sediments. Since baryte has oxygen, systematics in the δ18O of these sediments have been used to help constrain paleotemperatures for oceanic crust.
The variations in sulfur isotopes (34S/32S) are being examined in evaporite minerals containing sulfur (e.g. baryte) and carbonate associated sulfates (CAS) to determine past seawater sulfur concentrations which can help identify specific depositional periods such as anoxic or oxic conditions. The use of sulfur isotope reconstruction is often paired with oxygen when a molecule contains both elements.[30]
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Dating the baryte in hydrothermal vents has been one of the major methods to determine their ages.[31][32][33][34][35] Common methods to date hydrothermal baryte include radiometric dating[31][32] and electron spin resonance dating.[33][34][35]
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Baryte is used in added-value applications which include filler in paint and plastics, sound reduction in engine compartments, coat of automobile finishes for smoothness and corrosion resistance, friction products for automobiles and trucks, radiation shielding concrete, glass ceramics, and medical applications (for example, a barium meal before a contrast CT scan). Baryte is supplied in a variety of forms and the price depends on the amount of processing; filler applications commanding higher prices following intense physical processing by grinding and micronising, and there are further premiums for whiteness and brightness and color.[16] It is also used to produce other barium chemicals, notably barium carbonate which is used for the manufacture of LED glass for television and computer screens (historically in cathode ray tubes); and for dielectrics.
Historically, baryte was used for the production of barium hydroxide for sugar refining, and as a white pigment for textiles, paper, and paint.[3]
Although baryte contains the toxic alkaline earth metal barium, it is not detrimental for human health, animals, plants and the environment because barium sulfate is extremely insoluble in water.
It is also sometimes used as a gemstone.[36]
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This article incorporates public domain material from Barite (PDF). United States Geological Survey.
Barite is a mineral composed of barium sulfate (BaSO4) and derives its name from the Greek word &#;barys', meaning "heavy.&#; This name is in response to barite's high specific gravity of 4.5, which is exceptional for a nonmetallic mineral.
Barite is typically white/grey in appearance but can vary from yellow, brown, red, and even black due to impurities. Barite&#;s Mohs hardness is 3.0 to 3.5, making it a relatively soft mineral. It is chemically inert and insoluble, which along with its high density, lends itself to a variety of applications. Typical chemical composition: BaO 65.7%; SO3 34.3%.
Barite is formed through a number of processes including hydrothermal, biogenic, and evaporation, and occurs in veins, stratiform beds in addition to residual deposits. Vein and residual deposits are of hydrothermal origin, while bedded deposits are sedimentary. The most important stratiform deposits are those formed by the precipitation of barite at or near the seafloor of sedimentary basins. The brines are generated by migration of reduced, saline fluids and are concentrated by major basin-controlling faults. They are often associated with base metal sulphides (mainly zinc-lead).
Vein-style deposits form by precipitation from hot barium-enriched fluids in faults and fractures as a result of fluid mixing or reduced pressure and/or temperature. Residual deposits are formed by the dissolution of the host rock of vein or bedded deposits, leaving irregular masses of barytes in a clay matrix. Such deposits are extremely variable in size and shape, but can extend over several kilometres
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